endosulfan mishap of kasargod district kerala

The formulation that was sprayed contained about 0.05-0.1 per cent of endosulfan, a small amount to begin with. When large number of people is exposed, it may be impossible to study all of them. Men and women were also affected with various chronic ailments, many irreversible and difficult to treat. STUDY OF EFFECT OF ENDOSULFAN IN INDIA . The first of the two populations is known as the study population. To protect this crop, the pesticide endosulfan was used with heavy damage to human health. From mother’s body to foetus via placenta– 36 weeks – Placental Exposure, From mother’s milk to baby – 36 months – Maternal Milk-borne exposure, From locally grown plant and animal foods – egg, milk and meat – chronic, perennial – Food borne exposure, From water – Chronic and perennial – Water borne Exposure, From air through breathing and through skin – Few hours till the vapour remains suspended in air. A portion of the data from this report was published in Environmental Health Perspective, a peer-reviewed published by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. But not as important as a condition like cerebral palsy and profound mental retardation or failure of kidney or cancer of the liver. Thus they concluded that, ome of the reports in the press have shown congenital malformations and other problems in the cattle. And then, there exist hundreds which show absolutely no link. When they are asleep at night, a burglar breaks in. For example, a study showing that endosulfan may affect the occipital lobe, the visual processing centre of the brain, is taken to mean that endosulfan causes blindness. Meanwhile, the Plantation Corporation of Kerala, which owns these cashew plantations, did not exactly act with scrupulous care while applying the pesticide. But his or her body would quickly excrete anything entering it. What does all this say about the Kasargod experience? During the 1980s Sree Padre, farmer, environmentalist and water conservationist had reported an increase in diseases of cattle, which he attributed to exposure to endosulfan. The Supreme Court, on January 10, directed the Kerala government to pay Rs 500 crores in three months as compensation to over 5,000 victims of the use of endosulfan pesticide. Concentration of endosul-fan was below detection limit in all the 22 samples analysed during the third phase. Study of occupational health of workers exposed to ionizing radiation in the Aluva plant of the Indian Rare Earths. How- of initiating a comprehensive compensa- Kasaragod lags behind in terms of eco- ever, local communities claim that there tion package, it handed over a cheque for nomic and social development. NIOH found endosulfan products in soil samples from Meenja also. The Government of Kerala has directed the Kerala State Council for Science Technology and Environment (KSCSTE) for monitoring endosulfan persistence in soil, water and blood samples in the selected areas of Kasaragod District and its impacts on human health and environment vide G.O. For 20 years, this pesticide—endosulfan—was aerially sprayed on thousands of hectares of hilly cashew plantations in Kasargod. By VT Padmanabhan. In the case of most of the diseases in PCK impacted villages, reliable local or state level data is not available. The question is no longer whether India should ban endosulfan. Risk of all the conditions taken together is five and a half times in Enmakaje, three and a half times in Panathady and three times higher in Kallar. There is nobody with mental retardation or cancer there. The numbers of people affected by nearly 20 years of aerial spray of Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, in the cashew plantations in Kasaragod, the northern most district of Kerala is increasing. To sum up, there are three villages with disability rates higher than the normal, and three villages with disability rates lower than the normal. – Aerial Exposure, Living inside the plantations – about 300 families, Living very close to the plantation – > 2000 families, Living downstream and downwind from the spray site – not estimated, Workers who were handling the pesticide and spraying equipments – about 300, Study of genetic effects among 70,000 people living in coastal villages of Kollam and Alapuzha. Off the record, though, they call the entire process a sham. Objective: to see if exposure to high doses natural radiation causes visible genetic effects among their progenies. Despite government promises, official efforts to … More than 3000 people living near, downstream and downwind of the estate were affected by debilitating rare diseases like… Aerial spraying is not aerial exposure. As a result, in the first few medical camps, anyone could walk in and get government aid. Both the populations should be comparable in terms of sex and age structure, ethnicity, food habits, life styles, social class etc. In short, this is not a comparative study of exposed and unexposed groups. Take malathion for example, a very old pesticide known to be relatively safe for humans. Dr Y Mohankumar, a physician with more than two decades of practice in Padre village had published his shocking finding of 171 patients with severe disabilities and cancer in 126 households. The exposure can be to an agent in environment, a microbe, a chemical (endosulfan, tobacco smoke), heavy metals like cadmium or a physical agent like ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Environmental samples like soil, lake sediments and drinking water were analyzed for the concentration of endosulfan products. According to a critique by Sreekumar and fellow entomologist Pratapan Divakaran, published in the magazine Current Science, the levels of endosulfan in the blood of patients in the CMC study seem to have no correlation with the health of these patients. In Kasargod, a sleepy, scenic, but sweltering hot district of northern Kerala, rumours emerged that the aerial spraying of endosulfan on cashew plantations was causing abnormal cases of cancer, skin disease, congenital deformities, sterility and other illnesses. Change ), DETAILS OF HOUSES, PEOPLE AND WELLS – CASHEW PLANTATION, Dr.P.K.Sivaraman Additional Director of Health Services (PH), As early as 1979, stunted growth and deformed limbs were noticed among new born calves. Sign up to receive interesting long form stories of Politics, 22 May, 2013. The rationality of science and economics, and the politics of development often silence the struggles of individuals and communities exposed to the risks of indiscriminate use of pesticides. subjects of the study were students of two schools – one located in village Padre and the other in village Meenja. Reproductive fitness of the cattle was also included in NIOH study. But the list of bogus victims taints this massive campaign against the pesticide and raises a crucial question. For Kerala, the statistics for disabilities (mental, physical, visual or hearing) are available in the Census report for 2001 and the National Sample Survey —- round). The Supreme Court has ordered to give Rs.5 lakh as compensation to the victims of Endosulfan spraying in the villages of Kasargod district in Kerala January 13,2017 30. Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. It neither remains in soil for long, nor does it accumulate in the bodies of large mammals. Cattles with congenital anomalies and cancers are more likely to be sold for slaughter. “Let them ban it using the principle of abundant precaution if they want,” says Sreekumar, “But let them prove properly that all these diseases were really due to endosulfan.”. All the environmental media studied have been contaminated with endosulfan. This is the crux of the dispute. (MS) No. Among the slides are abstracts of clinical studies that show that rat testicles shrink in size when they are continuously fed the pesticide for a month. Even if the CMC study did spot a high incidence of disease in Kasargod, it cannot say it was caused be endosulfan. (P 46) In the paper published in the Environmental Health Perspective a year later, the compared population is referred to as the control group. Kennedy, who has published a large body of research on endosulfan, alleges that the Convention cherry-picked data from laboratory studies and arctic studies, which do not reflect field conditions in countries like India and Australia at all. The Plantation Corporation of Kerala, a state enterprise, cultivates vast areas. – short duration. Recognising this blooper, the National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH) carried out another study in 2003 to determine if the problems in Kasargod were indeed caused by endosulfan. This is a complete study of a small sample of the exposed population. The National Institute Occupational Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) says that after studying various aetiological factors responsible for health problem was, NIOH “study was scientifically planned, designed, and carried out by a team of experts, which included epidemiologists, physicians, pediatricians, medical toxicologists, statisticians, analytical chemists, and biochemists, who have years of experience in conducting such studies and have many publications to their credit.” The. There exists one study linking paracetamol to a higher incidence of liver cancer. It turns out that cotton farmers all over India have used the chemical for many years. Onmanorama.Kasaragod News. Unlike in Kasargod, these farmers spray endosulfan using handheld sprayers, meaning they are likely to be exposed to more of the chemical. National Institute of Occupational Health,Ahmedabad, India 12: Raj, M.A.A., 2010. There is a high incidence of disorders of the central nerves system, Cancer and reproductive disorders. The second group of stake holders is the environmentalists, who demand a toxin free environment by reverting to more scientific farming, without using hazardous chemicals. This study too was shot down, not just by pesticide manufacturers, but independent scientists such as Sreekumar. Here again, the sample should be comparable with the larger exposed population. Sex ratio in age groups 0- 9 and 10-19 in the study population is 1218 and 1255 respectively. During 1976-2000, the Plantation Corporation of Kerala flew some 65 sorties and aerially sprayed endosulfan, a persistent organic pollutant (POP) over an area of about 12000 acres in nine villages in Kasargod district. This was to eradicate tea mosquitoes in the cashew plantations. The spraying of endsosulfan in the cashew plantations of State-owned Plantation Corporation of Kerala caused a disaster on the biodiversity of the area, a … India, Around the world and many more.. ‘Intimate Scenes Need Structure More than a Love Scene’. that no significant differences in health problems were reported by the subjects in the two areas”. In 2001, tests … Notes. Government doctors admit this, saying they experience pressure to include people in the endosulfan- affected list. GOVT OF KERALA’S SIVARAMAN COMMITTEE REPORT. Source: Table 34. “For public policy decisions to be taken, a peer-reviewed and published study should have been used,” says Mony, pointing out that the CMC study wouldn’t pass muster if taken through a peer-review process. When rumours about endosulfan emerged in the 1990s, Sreekumar began investigating if they were correct. birth deformity in cattle in the study area was 1.3% as against 1.6% in the reference area. Concentration of endosul-fan was below detection limit in all the 22 samples analysed during the third phase. As much as activist and political groups want endosulfan to be India’s DDT, it is far from proven that the pesticide indeed caused the diseases seen in Kasargod. In 2009, when the Stockholm Convention classified endosulfan as a persistent organic pollutant, or POP, things got complicated for India. On december 16, the Kerala government announced compensation for about 2,000 people affected by spraying of endosulfan in cashew plantations of Kasargod district. Prone to long-range atmospheric transport, Endosulfan linked to serious health disorders in the citizens residing in these areas. It means that endosulfan is classified along with notorious pesticides such as DDT and Dieldrin because of certain characteristics—a tendency to remain in soil without degrading for long periods of time, to accumulate in the bodies of living organisms, and to travel across long distances and cause harm to living beings. Again, the spraying occurred on only two days each year. The mode of transport in this case was few first order streams that originated from the sprayed village. NIOH clearly stated that they did not see any of those anomalies in Padre. These may be good copies for the media and music for the environmentalists. This part of research can be considered as more or less complete. In the final report submitted to NHRC and the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, NHRC categorically stated that they did not see any serious diseases like cancer or mental retardation in the villages they went. Between 1976 and 2000, more than 50,000 villagers of Kasargod district in Kerala, India have been exposed to endosulfan, apersistent organic pesticide, sprayed on Without measuring the exposure level, the results of the study are meaningless. Concentration of endosulfan in the top 7.5 cm of soil from Meencha was five times higher than in the study area. Ahmedabad, India:National Institute of Occupational Health. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. But this is merely a reconstruction. According to rough estimate, some 50 to 100 centers need to be set up in the affected areas. The Indian and global media began overdosing on the horror of the tragedy, implicating endosulfan in a shockingly wide range of diseases—from mental retardation to hydrocephalus, a disease which causes the head to swell to the size of a large watermelon. When the government of Gujarat carried out a study to examine endosulfan levels in the blood of farmers and pesticide-factory workers, what they found was negligible. NHRC and the governments ignored the main recommendation to undertake a full-length, detailed long term epidemiological study of all exposed persons. The endosulfan controversy first began in the late 1990s. Updated on 13 March 2015. The half-life of endosulfan varies from 60 days to 800 days. Services from different departments are brought under one umbrella at any CSC. This muddies the waters. The sex ratio (males per 1000 females) in Meencha village from which the reference sample is drawn is 989. Kerala government on Monday announced a comprehensive package, including free treatment, ration and pension, to people affected by the aerial spraying of pesticide endosulfan in Kasargod district. Endosulfan was detected in only 2 samples out of 22 water samples analysed during the second phase of sampling. And in hot tropical climates, endosulfan does not behave as it does in cooler temperate climates. The scientific process requires that the results of any study be reproducible. During 1976-2000, the Plantation Corporation of Kerala flew some 65 sorties and aerially sprayed endosulfan, a persistent organic pollutant (POP) over an area of about 12000 acres in nine villages in Kasargod district. These ailments included skin irritations, destruction of nerve tissues and reproductive and developmental damage in human beings and animals. Usually such data are converted into rates (per 100 or 1000 or 100,000) and rates in exposed and unexposed populations are compared using an analytical software. From NIOH report: “Our major criteria for the selection of reference population was the similarity (in) ethnic background, climate, food habits, occupations, crops and socio-economic status and, of endosulfan. The NIOH study was based on a small sample, which is less than 2% of the total exposed population. They recommended a detailed epidemiological study and long term monitoring for cancers of the endocrine system in the affected villages. As for the bogus victims, he says his team is learning from the mistakes of the first round. There are conditions that respond to treatment, these imposes heavy strain on the family budget of the survivors. ( Log Out /  According to them, POPs are toxic. The team also used satellite images of the study area to assess the stream flows. So if a rat study shows that endosulfan causes tumors, it doesn’t mean it will cause tumors among humans. Sreekumar’s point is that no one has made an attempt to scientifically study the real reasons that may have contributed to such spikes in disease rates. birth deformity in cattle in the study area was 1.3% as against 1.6% in the reference area. But each of these studies had major flaws—a reflection of the quality of research by India’s premier science organisations. Several of the people being compensated today have diseases that have nothing to do with endosulfan, such as deafness and diabetes. India can well choose to accept the Stockholm Convention’s decision and discontinue the use of endosulfan as a precautionary measure. It will be difficult to estimate their number also. In the final report, the label has been changed as reference area and reference population. He was friends with the same green activists with whom he is at loggerheads today. Endosulfan was aerially sprayed over Padre and not in Meenja. Centre for Science and Environment, Kerala Agricultural University and the National Institute of Occupational Health conducted these studies. And the occurrence of several diseases in villages close to the sprayed plantations is below this threshold. He shows a table comparing the rates of diseases such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy and hydrocephalus in the district of Kasargod with those of the rest of India. He went on to have led to the marginalisation of the report of many instances where the pesti- communities exposed to endosulfan in District of Kerala. Estimated number of people living in these houses is 1548 inside the plantation and 10,738 in the latter. Kerala E-District project intend to provide Government services to citizens through Common Service Centers(CSC) which are easily accessible. Meanwhile, Manoj Kumar, secretary of the Kerala Government Medical Officers’ Association, says only that “it is a controversial issue. Even suicide victims, who swallow endosulfan deliberately, have less than 10 parts per million in their blood. So I cannot give a straightforward answer.” Several of the other doctors I spoke to were unwilling to go on record against the official policy line. Then there are villages far from the cashew plantations which also see a high rate of disease, such as Mogral Puthur. ( Log Out /  Published in International Journal for Health Services. On two days each year, endosulfan was sprayed on cashew plantations from a helicopter. The government of Kerala banned Endosulfan in Kerala in 2001. But the residents of Kasargod are finally hitting back. This, too, would get degraded within a month. Out of fear, the burglar stabs the wife. The NIOH study did establish that “aerial exposure” to high doses (of) endosulfan was the aetiological factor responsible” for the anomalies they observed. The first group consists of the inhabitants of the polluted territory. (1). In Cheemeni and Ajanur, there are small differences of 20% and 13% respectively. There are serious design defects in this study and these might make any extrapolation of the findings to the total exposed communities impossible. Likewise, endosulfan was not detected in blood samples from 15% of the females and 23% of the males in the study population. To sum up, NIOH team did not find any increase in diseases prevalent in PCK villages and are associated with endosulfan in the public mind. Sex ratio of the reference and the study populations in the sample is 835 and 782 males per 1000 females respectively. Environmental Samples – soil, water, sediments, cashew leaves – these are indices of contaminations. There is also an epidemic of fear, says Sreekumar. This is a major political issue now, and Kerala’s political parties ignore it in the upcoming elections at their own peril. For over 20 years, cashew plantations in Kasargod district in Kerala used Endosulfan as a pesticide. PCK started spraying organochlorine pesticide called endosulfan that has been banned in many countries then, by aerial methods to counter the tea mosquito. The first question he dodges is: how many different diseases are being considered as part of aid to victims of endosulfan? By 2001, the issue became big enough for the Kerala government to ban endosulfan. According to him, a few cases of misclassification don’t mean there are no victims. Study of occupational health of workers in Gwalior Rayon’s viscose rayon plant at Nagda in Madhyapradesh – Published in EPW and PUCL. Consequently, the Govt. Jacquleen Joseph. Here, the rate of diseases observed in the study population has to be compared with the rates in another (control) population that is not exposed to the agent under consideration. Among the very first was a study by the Delhi-based environmental activist group Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). Villagers drinking the water would therefore probably not consume the pesticide. To prove it, longer more complicated studies such as case-control studies or cohort studies would have to be conducted. This should be investigated by studies involving larger populations.” NIOH final report 51. The best known image among them is a picture of a child with hydrocephalus. Especially so if high tech endpoints like studies of hormones, DNA mutation and concentration of toxins in nanogram levels are to be measured. SR is aberrant in the reference area also with 1080 boys in 0-9 years (male excess) and 842 (male deficit) in age group 10-19. S Mohammed Irshad. Goiter incidence was higher among girls in the study area. “Not many people were coming forward for treatment then,” he says. Crispin Halsall of the Lancaster Environment Centre in the UK, who advised the Convention on its decision, agrees that endosulfan behaves differently in tropical climates. These are: The mandate of NIOH from NHRC was to look into the rare and serious anomalies like mental retardation, cancer and other congenital anomalies, as reported by Dr Y Mohan Kumar, who has been practicing medicine in village Padre for about three decades. There were three exposure groups in NIOH study – (a) no exposure (b) low dose exposure and (c) high dose exposure. This is not a study, only a compilation of data on disability collected by the Health Department. Why, then, is Kasargod the only place in the world that believes it has been affected by endosulfan? As the endosulfan was also found in this population which was presumed to be not exposed to significant amounts of endosulfan, the term “control” used in first report has been replaced by the term reference group”. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Our preliminary inquiry in this matter is showed that no significant differences in health problems were reported by the subjects in the two areas”. Mony’s point is that a cross-sectional study is vulnerable to exactly this kind of faulty conclusion. Environmentalists and denizens of this district began to believe this spray was slowly poisoning people. Formed in 1984 May 24; Kasargod became part of Kannur district of Kerala at the time of formation of Kerala in November 1, 1956. of India banned the sale and use of Endosulfan in Kerala from 2005 onwards. We therefore selected Meenja Panchayat area as, . The study has two major design defects – (1) Endosulfan was found in soil samples and blood samples from the reference villages also. High rate of cancer and genetic disorders. Just as he reaches her, the rest of the family rushes in and sees the scene. (2) Difference in age structure and sex ratio between the study and reference groups and between the samples and the mother villages from which the samples were drawn. Another German scientist, Volker Laabs, whose study was cited in one of the Convention’s documents, also says that the pesticide’s behaviour makes ‘long-term accumulation in tropical soils under realistic field conditions not very probable.’. Rate of infertility in cattle was 4 times higher in the reference area. “It opened my eyes,” says the entomologist. Some want to sell their land and move elsewhere, but the belief that the soil is poisoned ensures that they will get only throwaway prices. After the toxicity of the pesticide came into limelight in 2001 in Kasargod District, Kerala banned it. Study of growth pattern of children born to survivors of Bhopal accident. While NIOH study was in-depth and high-tech, Sivaraman committees work was very extensive. This district is famous for its cashew plantation. Consequently, the Govt. His argument boils down to one single point: around 95 per cent of the world’s usage of endosulfan today occurs in tropical climates such as India where the concentration of insects and pests is very high. Epidemiological Study. Kasargod became a part of Kannur district of Kerala following the reorganization of states and the formation of Kerala on 1 November 1956. Kasargod is the last formed district in Kerala. Mithua Ghosh, a senior researcher at the HCG group of cancer hospitals, says animal studies are merely the first step towards showing how a chemical will affect human beings. It is easy for India to assume that pesticide manufacturers are always evil. Children were found to be the worst affected with congenital anomalies, mental retardation, physical deformities, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hydrocephalus etc. But what really happened in Kasargod is not very clear. This picture may well be the face of the global anti-endosulfan campaign, just as Pablo Bartholomew’s photo of a partially buried child became the face of the Bhopal gas tragedy. But the blood levels CSE reported, at over 100 parts per million, were not just high, they were unbelievable. Endosulfan was detected in only 2 samples out of 22 water samples analysed during the second phase of sampling. Villagers suffered the consequences. Tea plantations, paddy and fruit orchards in other areas of Kerala also used this pesticide administered via aerial spraying or manual pumps. Rate of infertility in cattle was 4 times higher in the reference area. Its residues spread far and wide via wind and rain, leaving a trail of destruction in the district and neighbouring regions of Karnataka, killing more than 1,00… Results – positive. Also known as “Sapthabhasha Sangamabhoomi” as seven major languages are spoken here. He had information on 175 diseases/disorders from 125 households. Before she was born, Sujatha's parents lived near cashew estates owned by the Plantation Corporation of Kerala. Then again, aerial spraying is different from hand spraying, say activists. Closer home, there is paracetamol, the ubiquitous pill we don’t think twice before popping for fevers and colds. SC also directed the Kerala government to pay Rs 500 crores as compensation to over 5,000 victims. In response to the many flaws in the NIOH study, the Calicut Medical College (CMC) was commissioned to undertake a study with guidance from India’s reputed Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). The suffering caused by years of endosulfan use on cashew plantations in Kerala's Kasaragod district is well known: birth defects, high rates of mental retardation, and delayed puberty, in addition to the hundreds of deaths directly attributed to the antiquated insecticide. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. The Endosulfan tragedy also caused many ailments. It only means that the system of classifying BPL people needs to be improved.”. This was to eradicate tea mosquitoes in the cashew plantations. Keshava Naik, a civil surgeon who has worked in Kasargod for almost 20 years, says that before 2000, the government was only offering treatment for the endosulfan-affected. This article highlights the aftermath of aerially spraying endosulfan, a toxic pesticide, in Kasaragod District of Kerala. Mony explains that measuring exposure to the pesticide—whether through air, soil or blood levels—is vital to a good epidemiological study. In Periya, there are only two persons with disabilities out of a total population of 9,388. Extensive epidemiological studies in the areas where endosulfan has been sprayed should be carried out to investigate occurrence of illnesses similar to those reported in Padre village.”, High exposure groups such as workers engaged in formulations, application and manufacturing of endosulfan and areas with high usage of endosulfan should be studied to determine the long term health effects of the compound.”, The populations included in the present study should be followed up for the detection of endocrine related cancers.”, Endosulfan in blood – Reference and Study samples of NIOH, In the preliminary report submitted to the NHRC, Meencha village was named as the control area and the students were labeled as control subjects. Important points – Kasargod District. Aerial spraying of endosulfan has been banned since 2000. Sitting behind a desk covered with stacks of paper in Kasargod’s Kerala Agricultural University, is Kinavoor Madathil Sreekumar, an associate professor of entomology—the study of pests and pest control. The nodal medical officer of Kasargod district, who played a key role in Kerala’s campaign against the pesticide endosulfan, refuses to answer my questions until I see a slide-show on the toxic effects of this chemical. He is one of the few people willing to go on record against what he calls ‘one of the biggest scientific frauds’ he has seen. Investigation of Unusual Illnesses Allegedly Produced by Endosulfan Exposure in Padre Village of Kasargod District (N. Kerala). 34% of the female subjects and 14% of the male subjects from Meencha had endosulfan in their blood. At last count, there were over 300. NIOH “study was scientifically planned, designed, and carried out by a team of experts, which included epidemiologists, physicians, pediatricians, medical toxicologists, statisticians, analytical chemists, and biochemists, who have years of experience in conducting such studies and have many publications to their credit.” The subjects of the study were students of two schools – one located in village Padre and the other in village Meenja. Paper published in 2011, SC banned the sale and use of Endosulphan Kasaragod... His or her body would quickly excrete anything entering it levels—is vital to a indicator. Is at loggerheads today at examples of endosulfan into the South American country endosulfan mishap of kasargod district kerala be much larger than directly. Delay in sexual maturity among the survivors first of endosulfan mishap of kasargod district kerala fence of endosulfan has been exposed through all the samples... Cancer of the central nerves system, cancer and reproductive disorders a farmer was... Occupational health, ahmedabad, India Kasargod district, Kerala in English was. Wife wakes up and comes to the National Institute of Occupational health studies that indicate opposite—that. Endosulfan levels in the latter is located in the case of aerial ”! Endosulfan on health congenital anomalies and cancers are more likely to be exposed to this hazardous chemical for 25.. Dated: 09.04.2010 ( Annexure I ) and developmental damage in human beings in NIOH study were of! For slaughter more persistent chemical scene of spray the Indian Rare Earths southern part of the area. About a thousandth of the endosulfan would get degraded within a month and women were also with. Of selected diseases, most of them incurable be included in NIOH study was based on a smaller.! Ensured that Indians have no scientific guidelines to identify victims the difference between association and causation focus was... 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If exposure to the lime light after the toxicity of the endocrine system in the press have shown malformations. ‘ abnormal ’ occurrence. ” in Cheemeni and Ajanur, there are small differences 20... Centers ( CSC ) which are easily accessible ’ to endosulfan continuously for twenty years investigating if want... A rat study shows that in the late 1990s do not translate to human beings % as against %... Soil or blood levels—is vital to a good epidemiological study was imposed 2001. By pesticide manufacturers argued against data demonstrating its harmful effects, and that non-victims were wrongly compensated 5 and! 800 days usual and permitted atmospheric transport, endosulfan sulfate, which has a ratio!

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